Mary Read A Profile of the Notorious Female Pirate

One of  the few known female pirates, Mary Read (known also as Mark Read) was born somewhere around 1692. Her flouting of typical gender norms allowed her to earn a living during  a time when single women had few options for economic survival,. Early Life Mary Read was the daughter of Polly Read. Polly had a son by her husband, Alfred Read; Alfred then went to sea and didnt return. Mary was the result of a different, later relationship. When the son died, Polly tried to pass off Mary as her son in applying to her husbands family for money. As a result, Mary grew up dressing as a boy, and passing for a boy. Even after her grandmother died and the money was cut off, Mary continued to dress as a boy. Mary, still disguised as male, disliked a first job as a footboy, or servant, and signed up for service on a ships crew. She served for a time in the military in Flanders, keeping up her appearance as a man until she married a fellow soldier. With her husband, and dressed as a female, Mary Read ran an inn, until her husband died and she could not keep up the business. She signed up to serve in the Netherlands as a soldier, then as a sailor on the crew of a Jamaica-bound Dutch ship -- again disguised as a male. Becoming a Pirate The ship was taken by Caribbean pirates, and Mary joined the pirates. In 1718, Mary accepted a mass amnesty offered by George I, and she signed up to fight the Spanish. But she returned, soon, to piracy. She joined the crew of Captain Rackam, Calico Jack, still disguised as a man. On that ship, she met  Anne Bonny, who was disguised as a man, also, though she was the mistress of Captain Rackam. By some accounts, Anne tried to seduce Mary Read. In any case, Mary revealed that she was a woman, and they became friends, possibly lovers. Anne and Captain Rackam had also accepted the 1718 amnesty and then returned to piracy. They were among those named by the Bahamian governor who proclaimed the three as Pirates and Enemies to the Crown of Great Britain. When the ship was captured, Anne, Rackham and Mary Read resisted capture, while the rest of the crew hid below deck. Mary fired a pistol into the hold, to try to move the crew to join the resistance. She was reported to have yelled, If theres a man among ye, yell come up and fight like the man ye are to be! The two women were considered tough, exemplary pirates.  A number of witnesses, including captives of the pirates, testified to their activities, saying  that they wore womens cloaths at times, that they were cursing and swearing much and that they were twice as ruthless as the men. All were put on trial for piracy in Jamaica. Both Anne Bonny and Mary Read, after conviction, claimed  they were pregnant, so they were not hanged when the male pirates were. On November 28, 1720. Mary Read died in prison of a fever on December 4. Mary Reads Story Survives The story of Mary Read and Anne Bonny was told in a book published in 1724. The author was Captain Charles Johnson, which may have been a nom de plume for Daniel Defoe. The two may have inspired some of the details about Defoes 1721 heroine,  Moll Flanders.

Apologies strategies used among American and Arabic speakers.

Apologies strategies used among American and Arabic speakers. literature review Apologies are generally explained as ways to remove misunderstanding and show respect between speakers in order to avoid embarrassing situations, or make reparations in daily communication. However, scholars have found that â€Å"apology† is defined differently dependent upon the cultures of the speaker and hearer. Finnegan (2012) and Holmes (1990) believe that apologies function as meaningful social acts that not only repair relationships, but also effectively convey feelings. On the other hand, Olshtain (2000) believed an apology is basically voluntary humiliation of the speaking individual, and Goffman (1967) said apologizing causes an individual to†¦show more content†¦1989). Olshtain Cohen (2000) also demonstrated an additional two strategies, and classified them into two categories: a denial of the need to apologize, and a denial of responsibility. Detemr (2000) further added an other strategy: postponing the apology. Owen, (1983) thought of an apology as a remedial move, therefore he offered three explicit types of apology: utterances that consist of the word â€Å"apologize† or its variations; utterances that carry the word â€Å"sorry†; and utterances that start with â€Å"I am afraid† followed by the sentence. Scholars concentrate on different cultures because each cultures strategy of apologizing, and language being used, is different. Also, many researchers conducted research on apology strategies in different languages, taking many variables into account such as: politeness strategies used, how cultural values affected the recognition of an apology, gender, the factors that have an impact on in the choosing of a certain strategy, and the strategies used by native and non-native speakers of English. Olshtain (2000), made a comparison of the apology strategies use by the speakers of English, French, German, and Hebrew. She found a numerous similarities in choosing expressions of responsibility. Ultimately, she found that various languages will recognize apologies in similar ways. Additionally, Sugimoto (1997) compared the apology styles of 200 American (79 males and 121 females) and 181Show MoreRelatedQuestions On School And Institute3283 Words   |  14 Pagespragmatic competence (Kasper Schmidt, 1996). One of the major speech acts in maintaining pragmatic success is the speech act of compliment. When it comes to dealing with communication, speakers select the strategies that produce polite conversation. People employ compliment strategies in order to get their conversation run well and go smoothly. Brown and Levinson (1978) state that one identifies what people are performing in verbal exchange not so much by what they publicly claimRead MoreTEFL Assignment Answers23344 Words   |  94 Pagesï » ¿ Why is TTT (Teacher Talking Time) noted first among the potential problems to look out for in the list in section 1.2C? What are some ways you plan to avoid excessive TTT in your classroom when you are a ESL/EFL teacher? Provide specific strategies and examples. â€Å"Why is TTT noted first among the potential problems to look out for in the list in Section 1.2C?† Section 1.2 introduces the simple notion that, as Native English Speakers, we are accustomed to using the language—our students, on the

Warren and Rehnquist and the Effects of Major Court Cases on the Law Enforcement of Today Free Essays

Have you thought about how much the Supreme Court decisions really affect your life and what we do on a daily basis or how important these decisions are to our civil liberties? Earl Warren and William Rehnquist are two of the most well knows Supreme Court Chief Justices. Each having different opinions on the importance’s of civil liberties and public order maintenance. Many of the court cases that each Chief Justice would hear would change the very way that we live today. We will write a custom essay sample on Warren and Rehnquist and the Effects of Major Court Cases on the Law Enforcement of Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now As well as how law enforcement interact with regards to the 5th, 6th, 8th, and 14th Amendments. In this essay we will discuss compare and contrast the Chief Justice Earl Warrens Court versus the William Rehnquist Court, with special regards to how they effected the law enforcements, then finally addressing how the current Supreme Court balances out civil liberties against public order maintenance. Earl Warren was born on March 19, 1891 in Los Angeles, California. He attended the University of California, Berkeley, he majored in political science for three years before entering UBS’s School of Law. He received his B. S. degree in 1912 and his J. D. degree in 1914. On May 14, he was admitted to the California Bar (http://warren. csd. edu/about/biography. html). After he graduated Warren got hired on at law offices in San Francisco and Oakland. In 1925, he was appointed Alameda County district attorney when the incumbent resigned. He won election to the post in his own right in 1926,1930, and 1934. During his fourteen years as district attorney, Warren developed a reputatio n as a crime fighter. In those years he never had a conviction reversed by a higher court. Earl Warren was a republican although he had broad bipartisan support because of his centrist to liberal views. He was then elected to governorships of California in 1942, 1946, and 1950. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren the fourteenth Chief Justice of the United States. Earl Warren is one of the most well know Chief Justice because of his most popular Supreme Court decisions in the case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, 1955, which ended segregation in school. This decision and many others like this are important cases that the Earl Warren Court made. The Warren Court left a legacy of judicial activism in civil rights law and individual liberties. The focus was specifically on the rights of the accused as addressed in Amendments 4 through 8. In the period from 1961 to 1969, the Warren Court examined almost every aspect of the criminal justice system in the United States, using the 14th Amendment to extend constitutional protections to all courts in every State. This process became known as the â€Å"nationalization† of the Bill of Rights. The Warren Court’s revolution in the criminal justice system began with the case of Mapp vs. Ohio (367 U. S. 643 [1961]) (http://www. infoplease. com/us/supreme-court/cases/ar19. html). In 1957 Cleveland, Ohio, police thought a bombing suspect, and illegal betting equipment might be in Dollree Mapp’s home. Three officers went to Mapp’s home and asked permission to search, but Mapp refused. Mapp requested the police obtain a search warrant. Two officers left the home while one remained. About three hours later, the two officers returned with several other police officers. The returning officers flashed a piece of paper at Mapp, and broke her door entering the residence. Mapp asked to see the â€Å"warrant† and took it from an officer, putting it down the front of her dress. The police fought with Mapp and regained the paper. They handcuffed the non-compliant Mapp for being belligerent. Police did not find the bombing suspect or the betting equipment during the conduct of their search, but found some pornography in a suitcase by Mapp’s bed. Mapp said that she had loaned the suitcase to a renter and the contents were not her property. Mapp was arrested, prosecuted, tried found guilty, and sentenced for possession of the pornography. No search warrant had been obtained during the course of the investigation of this case, and was not produced as evidence at her trial. When Mapp vs. Ohio reached the Supreme Court in 1961, the decided in a five to four decision that the exclusionary rule applies to the states. It concluded that other remedies, such as reliance on the due process clause to enforce fourth amendment violations had proven worthless and futile. In this landmark case, it changed the way law enforcement at the state level operated. Where illegally obtained evidence had been admissible in State Courts previously, now under the Mapp ruling this would no longer be tolerated. In another landmark case Terry vs. Ohio (392 U. S. 1 [1968]) Martin McFadden, a police detective for 39 years, was patrolling the streets of Cleveland, Ohio, on October 31, 1963. In the afternoon, McFadden saw two men, John Terry and Richard Chilton, hanging out on a street corner. McFadden’s training and experience told him the two men looked suspicious, so he began to watch them from nearby. As McFadden watched, Terry and Chilton took turns walking past and looking inside a store window, they did this twelve times. At that point a third man joined them for a brief discussion on the street corner. Ten minutes later they headed down the street in the same direction as the third man whom they had met. McFadden believed the three men were getting ready to rob the store they were casing. McFadden again through his training and experience believed the suspects were armed and dangerous. McFadden followed Terry and Chilton and confronted them in front of Zucker’s store with the third man. McFadden said he was a police officer and asked their names, and received only mumbled responses. McFadden grabbed Terry, spun him around to face the other two men, and frisked him. McFadden felt a gun inside Terry’s coat, and ordered the men inside the business. Inside, McFadden removed Terry’s overcoat and found a . 38 caliber revolver. McFadden ordered the three men against the wall, and patted them down. McFadden found an additional revolver in Chilton’s overcoat. Ohio convicted Terry and Chilton of carrying concealed weapons. In an eight to one decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Ohio stating the police officer’s training and experience in this case gave him â€Å"reasonable suspicion† a robbery was going to occur. This allowed him to stop and frisk the suspects, which led to him finding pistols on two of them. From this court case the Supreme Court concluded reasonable suspicion is required to stop and frisk a person. How to cite Warren and Rehnquist and the Effects of Major Court Cases on the Law Enforcement of Today, Essays